There is one body and one Spirit—just as you were called to the one hope that belongs to your call—one Lord, one faith, one baptism, one God and Father of all, who is over all and through all and in all.

(Ephesians 4.4-6)

This passage falls right in the middle of Paul's letter to the Christians of Ephesus, at the very point at which he shifts from theory, to practice—that is, from telling them what things are so, to telling them what they ought to do about it. But, as is so often the case for Paul, even his instructions are accompanied by profound statements of truth, which should naturally lead us to behave in ways that please God. Here, he highlights seven “ones.”

One Body

By “body,” Paul of course means the church, which he identifies thus both in the ensuing verses, and again in the next chapter, where he writes that “Christ is the head of the church, his body” (Ep 5.23). Of course, there are many separate churches, comprising individual congregations all over the world, each of which can just as accurately be called a church. These congregations will have their own particular circumstances and quirks, because they’re all made up of unique individuals; but all together they constitute the body of Christ, spread out across space and even time, so that a Christian today is part of the same body as the Apostle Paul.

One Spirit

Of course, as there are individual churches with their own distinct characteristics, individual Christians also all have their own spirits. But we strive to empty ourselves of our own, and welcome God’s to take their place! As Paul wrote in another letter around the same time,

if there is any…participation in the Spirit, any affection and sympathy, complete my joy by being of the same mind, having the same love, being in full accord and of one mind.

(Philippians 2.1-2)

One Hope

We likewise may hope for many different things—to recover from an illness, to receive a pay raise, to see a loved one succeed, or even that a particular sports team will win Sunday’s game. Yet for Christians there’s only one hope at the center of our lives—the hope “for adoption as sons, the redemption of our bodies. For in this hope we were saved” (Ro 8.23-24). This may seem obscure to an outsider, but it shouldn’t be difficult for a Christian to understand! Paul means the hope for resurrection—that is, to join Jesus in eternal life, at the Father’s side.

One Lord

There will be many people placed in positions of authority over you; get used to it! Paul even highlights one of these situations later in the letter, “Bondservants, obey your earthly masters with fear and trembling” (Ep 6.5). The Greek word behind “masters” is, of course, simply the plural of κύριος-kyrios, of which he has written that there is only one! It helps to think in terms of the Jews’ covenant with God. In order to avoid using God’s name יהוה-Yahweh flippantly, they replaced it with אֲדֹנָי-’Adonai-“Lord.” Notwithstanding the many earthly authorities with the right to tell you what to do in some matters, there is only one who has complete authority over you!

One Faith

The word faith can mean so many things that, while the proclamation of “one faith” seems perfectly plain on its face, a moment’s reflection yields up many questions and alternatives! Is this “one faith” the Christian religion? The belief that Jesus is the Son of God? The vocal profession and inward commitment to our Lord? The pattern of life and worship we follow? The short answer is, yes to all of these. The Greek word πίστις-pistis takes on all of these meanings in the Bible, with a few more nuances besides. But we can sum it all up in what Peter told the Jews’ council of leaders, that “there is salvation in no one else” but Jesus, and “no other name under heaven given among men by which we must be saved” (Ac 4.12). People choose to put their faith in a wide variety of supposed powers, but only one faith is worthy.

One Baptism

From the time when John the Baptist began to “Prepare the way of the Lord” (Mt 3.3), preaching the imminent arrival of the kingdom of heaven, baptism was a central rite. Of course, “John’s baptism” appeared in contrast to baptism “in the name of the Lord Jesus” at the beginnings of the church in Ephesus (Ac 19.3 & 5); and both John and Jesus mentioned contrasting baptisms, such as water, Holy Spirit, fire, and more. Even John’s baptism was modeled after the ritual cleansing prescribed in the Law of Moses to achieve or restore ritual purity. Although there is a great variety of bath-like cleansing ceremonies observed all over the world, in Christ there is “one baptism,” which is a participation in Christ’s death, burial, and resurrection, constituting “an appeal to God for a good conscience” (1Pe 3.21).

One God

The world is, and has nearly always been, full of idols. In former times, most people venerated objects fashioned after the likeness of imagined deities. These days, that practice has mostly died out; but idols have multiplied! For one thing, it’s more and more common to serve abstract idols, like wealth—Paul tells us that “covetousness…is idolatry” (Co 3.5). On top of these, there are more and more impostors, in the form of entirely false religions, as well as the more insidious perversions of the true one. But John instructs Christians, “Little children, keep yourselves from idols” (1Jn 5.21), just after reassuring us that we “know him who is true” (v20). Make sure you’re serving him.

Jeremy Nettles

Last week, we further developed our spiritual discernment, by considering film and TV adaptations of biblical stories. These in no way replace the actual Bible, but dramatic productions feed our imagination, helping us to see biblical figures as real people, with the same daily struggles we endure. Pondering God’s will, and its execution through human beings just as flawed and weak as ourselves, is both humbling, and encouraging. This week, we’ll stay on the theme of spiritual discernment, but in a different area of life.

Spirits in Disguise

For this light momentary affliction is preparing for us an eternal weight of glory beyond all comparison, as we look not to the things that are seen but to the things that are unseen. For the things that are seen are transient, but the things that are unseen are eternal.

(2 Corinthians 4.17-18)

One of the central tenets of the faith is that the world we inhabit is not eternal. God created it for a purpose, wrapped up with his plan for mankind. When that is accomplished, it will give way to “the world to come” (He 2.5). At present we are stuck in a realm that is “a shadow of the things to come” (Co 2.17), but in Christ we are enabled to glimpse “the true form of these realities” (He 10.1), which in many cases not only will exist long after the physical creation, but also existed before the foundation of the world, just as its master is “the Alpha and the Omega…who is and who was and who is to come” (Re 1.8).

But our spiritual vision isn’t always clear. Even the Apostle Paul wrote, “Now I know in part; then I shall know fully, even as I have been fully known” (1Co 13.12). This universal spiritual astigmatism, so to speak, is why he wrote, earlier in the same letter, “If anyone imagines that he knows something, he does not yet know as he ought to know” (8.2). Thus he began a meandering answer to a question “concerning food offered to idols” (v1), which seems like it could have been handled in a very few words—God permits you to eat it, or else God forbids you to eat it. But no, we get three full chapters devoted, not to explaining why it’s permissible or prohibited, but why, even if “all things are lawful,” still “not all things are helpful” (10.23). It had to do with spirit, not flesh.

Five years ago, the world stumbled into a strange pandemic caused by a particular strain of the viruses that cause the common cold. The disease could be so mild as to go unnoticed in one person, and severe enough to kill another. It was new, and most of us felt like we lacked clear answers. Christians struggled to determine what they ought to do, and eventually formulated a wide variety of incompatible opinions. Those who who were wise saw the similarity to the issue in 1 Corinthians 8-10, and tried to adhere to what God told us there, as well as in Romans 14, “not to quarrel over opinions” (Ro 14.1).

But that didn’t satisfy everyone. While the application of these passages has generally been relegated to a nebulous category of so-called matters of indifference, the whole point has always been in the struggle to determine which matters are indifferent in God’s eyes, and which aren’t! If your opinion is that God is indifferent toward eating meat, then you eat what you please; if your opinion is that God will condemn carnivores to hell for all eternity, then you cannot describe it as a matter of indifference! When covid came along, it provided a perfect test for our application of these passages. Many failed.

This issue suddenly superseded everything else, to the point where God’s actual commandments began to be seen more as general guidelines, by some of the most straitlaced and conscientious Christians around. Others scorned brothers and sisters for worrying about trivial matters, or even outright denied that the disease existed. Why did this happen? The answer hides behind another question: whom can we trust? We live in an ideologically divided culture, and the messaging from the two main sides was an expression of different spirits. We’re supposed to “test the spirits to see whether they are from God,” but when we fail to discern, or even to recognize that there are spiritual ramifications to various ideas that swirl about the cultural aether, we leave ourselves open to attack by nefarious forces that emanate from Satan himself.

Five years later, it’s a little easier to discuss the polarizing issues—now that they no longer matter. That is the way of spiritual warfare! Modern Christians often read the book of Exodus and mercilessly mock the Israelites for their complaining, disbelief, and rebellion, without pausing to contemplate for a moment Jesus’ sobering admonition,

“Woe to you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! For you build the tombs of the prophets and decorate the monuments of the righteous, saying, ‘If we had lived in the days of our fathers, we would not have taken part with them in shedding the blood of the prophets.’ Thus you witness against yourselves that you are sons of those who murdered the prophets. Fill up, then, the measure of your fathers.”

(Matthew 23.29-32)

It’s easy to look back and pass judgment, when it no longer directly affects us. It was an entirely different matter, when we were in the middle of it! That doesn’t mean there were no right and wrong answers, attitudes, and actions, though. Let us look back to the frustration and uncertainty of covid, not to pass judgment on everyone’s mistakes, but to learn Satan’s tactics, now that the spirits have become a bit easier to identify. Then, prepare to recognize and defeat them through God’s playbook, the next time “Satan disguises himself as an angel of light” and tries to deceive us (2Co 11.14).

Jeremy Nettles

Last week we considered another example of how God’s word can be misrepresented and twisted to mean the opposite of what God intended—the protest folk song, “Turn! Turn! Turn!” While it’s catchy and inoffensive at the casual first listen, attention soon yields the realization that the singer, in his sanctimony, believes the greater part of his audience is insufficiently enlightened to desire peace, of all things, and must be directed by his moral betters in the…entertainment industry…to pursue what is good. This week, we’ll follow the same theme, using a different medium.

Fact, or Truth?

So far we have considered two songs that abused the Scriptures in order to insinuate the opposite of what they mean. What happens, when artists openly alter or add to God’s word, for artistic purposes?

Almost since the motion picture industry’s birth, religious material has represented a sizeable share of its output. In particular, adaptations of biblical stories have been common. Every last one of these is riddled with inaccuracies, of course, and religious commentators are keen to tell us about them! From Zipporah’s creative backstory in 1998’s The Prince of Egypt, to Jesus’ bar mitzvah in 1977’s Jesus of Nazareth, to the exploding golden calf in 1956’s The Ten Commandments, to the soap opera antics of 2014’s Noah, there’s always extrabiblical material in these presentations. If they become public sensations, you’ll find very serious-minded individuals denouncing their lack of faithfulness to the source material. In their view, this is blasphemy. For some reason, one never seems to hear such criticisms of a film like 1998’s Saving Private Ryan, which manufactures details as much as any biblical epic. In fact, it’s widely considered to be among the most accurate war films ever made! But some people create unattainable standards for anything religious.

On the other hand, it’s easy to go too far in the opposite direction. Ted Neeley, who portrayed Jesus in 1973’s Jesus Christ Superstar, recalled that Pope Paul VI told him, “I believe it will bring more people around the world to Christianity than anything ever has before.” One can at least hope that Neeley doesn’t understand Italian very well, and something was lost in translation. A similar folly is evident in the credulous idolatry of a select few who hold up artistic representations as basically revelations from God. This is the very problem the grumpy purists feared! Even though many of these adaptations are accompanied by disclaimers, to the effect that they are not intended as a replacement for reading the Bible, some people take what they like and cling to it, regardless of what the Author says. In fact, the Monty Python crew produced a movie mostly focused on mocking this very tendency, 1979’s cutting (but highly raunchy) Life of Brian, a parody of the “life of Christ” film genre. It’s a sad state of affairs, but anything you create is liable to be misused, if enough people get their hands on it. Nothing is foolproof, to a sufficiently talented fool.

So, how should Christians approach modern religious art, which largely consists of film and TV adaptations of biblical stories? A verse from last week helps: “For everything there is a season, and a time for every matter under heaven” (Ec 3.1). If you keep them in their proper place, there’s no reason not to make good use of them. If you demand perfect adherence to the text, then, well, no one’s stopping you from reading your Bible! But it’s an impossible standard, for any artwork. We don’t know how a single one of these people looked or sounded; just by putting a face or a voice to Ruth or Barnabas, you’re adding extrabiblical details. You may say those details don’t matter; but the artists would say that, in a visual medium, they matter just as much as Simon the Zealot’s backstory, which likewise is not recorded in the Bible, but makes useful fodder for contemplation, and perhaps even edification. Art is supposed to affect us for the better, and its effectiveness is not limited to its words. When King Saul was tormented by a harmful spirit, “David took the lyre and played it with his hand. So Saul was refreshed and was well” (1Sa 16.23).

Of course, this power can also be perverted into sensuality, as was the case with the later King Herod, who was so “pleased” by his step-daughter’s dance that he gave her as a reward the severed head of an innocent man he’d intended to keep alive (Mt 14.6ff). That’s making the art into an object of worship—an idol. But if we avoid that hazard, artistic depictions can be edifying, precisely because they are fantasies. We interpret reality all the time, but it’s limited in its scope. Art helps us to exercise our spiritual discernment by contemplating hypothetical situations. We can use Frodo, or Aslan, or Yoda, or Batman to make moral observations which, in turn, enable us to see the real world more clearly. These are the furthest thing from factual accounts, yet they help us to grasp truths.

Despite being largely fantasy, most of the biblical adaptations available today, from the absurdly irreverent Jesus Christ Superstar to the unsettlingly realistic The Passion of the Christ, contain well-crafted presentations of important spiritual insights. The same is true of The Lord of the Rings, The Chronicles of Narnia, and—yes—even Star Wars and Batman. If you want to know what really happened, read and study the Bible. If you want to understand heaven and earth better…well, read and study the Bible for that, too; but then give your powers of discernment a good workout, by observing and contemplating art.

Jeremy Nettles

*3/26/15 interview with Michael Heaton for Cleveland, OH newspaper The Plain Dealer

Last week we considered an example of how Satan can use God’s words to deceive and destroy. By making subtle alterations to the message or the context, he can tempt even those who earnestly desire to know and serve God, if they still harbor yearnings for the world’s acceptance. That example was a poem from Scripture, twisted and set to music in a popular song, then invited into the church by unwitting Christians. This week’s example follows a similar pattern, but instead remains in the cultural sphere, with greater reach than the obscure Rastafari disco.

An Atheist’s Hymn

In 1965, folk rock band The Byrds released a single called “Turn! Turn! Turn!” which Pete Seeger had composed in 1959. The Byrds’ version became a number-one hit in the US and performed very well worldwide. Before the 60s were complete, four more covers of the song had already seen commercial success. This song was on to something.

While it was credited to Pete Seeger above, that’s not the full story. The song is almost entirely taken from Ecclesiastes.

For everything there is a season, and a time for every matter under heaven:

a time to be born, and a time to die;

a time to plant, and a time to pluck up what is planted;

a time to kill, and a time to heal;

a time to break down, and a time to build up;

a time to weep, and a time to laugh;

a time to mourn, and a time to dance;

a time to cast away stones, and a time to gather stones together;

a time to embrace, and a time to refrain from embracing;

a time to seek, and a time to lose;

a time to keep, and a time to cast away;

a time to tear, and a time to sew;

a time to keep silence, and a time to speak;

a time to love, and a time to hate;

a time for war, and a time for peace.

(Ecclesiastes 3.1-8)

Seeger used an older translation, of course, and reordered words where necessary to suit the meter, but not much more.

Well, isn’t that great? A popular—nay, several popular musicians acknowledged Solomon’s God-given wisdom, and caused the listening public to memorize a lengthy passage of the Bible! How uplifting! The problem is that it’s garbage. How can that be, when it’s the word of God? The key comes in the very few words added to God’s. In the first place, there’s the title: “Turn! Turn! Turn!” Perhaps this seems like a reference to the cyclical nature of human existence; but why the exclamation marks, and repetition? It is also sung, behind the more meaningful opening lyrics. But the more obvious point is at the end at the song. After the line, “a time for peace,” comes a final assessment: “I swear, it’s not too late!”

Not too late, for what? Well, “for peace.” It’s an anti-war protest song, urging the listener to “Turn!” from the present course. Due to his atheism, Seeger saw nothing beyond the physical realm. Amid the threat of nuclear war and global destruction, he preferred allowing oppressors to expand their realms, enslave, and kill more and more people, rather than risk war. One wonders why “a time for peace” appears to be the only line from the Bible that matters, to the exclusion of “a time to kill,” “a time to hate,” and “a time for war.” Perhaps the idea was that this time is for peace and not war; but if so, the claim is never examined, only asserted. On top of that, it’s worth noting that Seeger had originally protested against American involvement even in World War II—not until Pearl Harbor was bombed, but until his beloved Soviet Union was attacked by Hitler.

Even at the time, some others saw through the silliness. Satirist Tom Lehrer mocked,

It takes a certain amount of courage to get up in a coffeehouse or a college auditorium and come out in favor of the things that everybody else in the audience is against, like peace, and justice, and brotherhood, and so on.

(Tom Lehrer, “The Folk Song Army,” That Was the Year that Was, 1965, Warner Bros.)

Yet, the protest song movement in general, and this song in particular continued to have wide appeal, even today. The source of the lyrics is taken as evidence that the song is profound. If you poke around the internet you’ll find that nearly every reference to this song mentions the lyrics’ biblical origin, and most comments by random individuals do the same, in reverential tones. But the author had undercut the Scripture, by ignoring the inconvenient parts, and adding his own imbecilic commentary. The point of “Turn! Turn! Turn!” is very simple: war is bad. This message resonates, but it’s far too simplistic. As Solomon wrote, there is, in fact, “a time for war” (Ec 3.8). Far more serious thinkers than Seeger and his ilk have addressed the question of war. For example, Augustine of Hippo wrote, “Peace is not sought, in order to stir up war; rather, war is waged, in order to achieve peace” (Letters, 189.6).

§

Much like some Christians foolishly laid hold of a Rastafari abomination on the grounds that it was mostly from the Bible, many people—Christians, or not—to this day enjoy an avowed atheist’s misinterpretation of Solomon’s ode to the balance of life, and welcome an absurd message into their very souls, thinking it’s “the pure spiritual milk” of God’s word, which promotes salvation. But it’s a perversion, illustrating how gullible we can be. Even before the close of the first century, the Apostle John warned Christians,

Children, it is the last hour, and as you have heard that antichrist is coming, so now many antichrists have come.

(1 John 2.18)

God’s Word—both written and incarnate—has been misrepresented, altered, and turned into an idol countless times. Be careful whose interpretation you believe.

Jeremy Nettles

(part 1)

Those of you who carefully file these articles in triplicate and obsessively reread and memorize them may recall that this title is already somewhat spoken for—in the the 3^rd issue of Volume V, published in January 2024, entitled “How to ‘Test the Spirits.’” In that installment we considered a variety of tools to help us assess spiritual messengers and teachings, as the Bible says: “Beloved, do not believe every spirit, but test the spirits to see whether they are from God” (1Jn 4.1). But How? is not the only worthwhile question in this matter. There’s also Why? To answer this, over the next few weeks let’s consider some illustrations from the world of pop culture. Some are old, but easier to discern on account of their age and the demise of the cultural moments that begat them.

Rastafari Claptrap

In 1970 a Jamaican reggae band called The Melodians adapted Psalm 137 and set it to music. When this song was used in a movie two years later, both Rivers of Babylon and reggae music generally gained worldwide appeal. The better known recording came in 1978, from British disco group Boney M. It became a major hit. Soon enough, the song appeared in Alton Howard’s 1994 hymnal Songs of Faith and Praise, in an a cappella arrangement by David Sexton, an elusive figure who was apparently acquainted with Howard and developed for this hymnal many trite adaptations of popular songs utterly inappropriate for the assembly of the church.

“But wait,” you ask, “how can a Psalm possibly be inappropriate fare for worship?” In the first place, the tune itself presents an irreverent tone unsuited to the words of the Psalm, which is a bitter lamentation over the destruction of Jerusalem and Israel’s ensuing captivity in Babylon. But the music, while enough to condemn this poor excuse for a hymn on its own, is just the start.

You see, the words aren’t all from Psalm 137. One section, in both hymnal and reggae/disco versions, comes from a different Psalm:

Let the words of my mouth and the meditation of my heart

        be acceptable in your sight,

        O Lord, my rock and my redeemer.

(Psalm 19.14)

Well, that’s no problem—although even by the hymnal’s 14^th printing in the year 2000, the editors had not yet discovered that this portion of the lyrics came from a different Psalm. They continued to erroneously ascribe these words to “Psalm 137” at the top of the page, showing that they didn’t know either Psalm very well, and didn’t bother to check. The misattribution isn’t a huge deal; but one of the other alterations certainly is! While the Psalm asks, “How shall we sing the Lord’s song in a foreign land?” (Psalm 137.4), the words in the hymnal follow the reggae song, instead: “How can we sing King Alpha’s song in a strange land?” The arranger and editor probably assumed this referred to John’s vision, in which “he who was seated on the throne” in heaven said, “I am the Alpha and the Omega” (Re 21.5-6). In fact, “King Alpha” referred to Haile Selassie, the Emperor of Ethiopia, who—despite his own protests—is revered as either the incarnation of the living God Jah, or the second coming of Jesus Christ, or both, in the Rastafarian religion from which this Jamaican song was born.

Perhaps you begin to see the problem more clearly, now. In the context of the reggae song, Israel means the African diaspora, “Zion” means Ethiopia (or Africa more broadly), “Babylon” and “the wicked” mean white people, “captivity” refers to the Atlantic slave trade, and the references to Psalm 137 point toward its final, unsung lines,

O daughter of Babylon, doomed to be destroyed,

        blessed shall he be who repays you

        with what you have done to us!

Blessed shall he be who takes your little ones

        and dashes them against the rock!

(Psalm 137.8-9)

Rastas believe nuclear war between white Westerners is inevitable, and will destroy Western hegemony in a Day of Judgment, ushering in a return to paradise—Africa—for the righteous, identified primarily by the color of their skin. This perversity is just the tip of the iceberg that is Rastafarianism.

But this would not be the first time apostates or charlatans tried to bend God’s word to suit their own purposes! The same thing has gone on since the Garden! Satan used God’s words—with a minor tweak, and a heap of half-true contextualization—to tempt Eve into eating the forbidden fruit. He also quoted Psalm 91, in tempting Jesus in the wilderness (this time without success). Satan’s abuse doesn’t spoil God’s word; the answer is never to cede scripture to the enemy. We should instead take it back, and put it in its proper context! Could this song be redeemed for “honorable use” (2Ti 2.21)? No—the song is intrinsically bad, and not worth the struggle. The Psalm is what we should reclaim.

You adulterous people! Do you not know that friendship with the world is enmity with God? Therefore whoever wishes to be a friend of the world makes himself an enemy of God.

(James 4.4)

Stories like this one demonstrate not only Christians’ too-frequent gullibility, but also our desire to fit in with the world. As soon as the world—represented in this case by a music and entertainment industry steeped in horrific immorality and godlessness—as soon as the world quotes the Bible, Christians fall over themselves to receive its approval and invite the world to a seat at Jesus’ table. We certainly ought to be welcoming toward the people of the world, but they—and we—must leave the world behind and take up with Christ, not bring worldliness to his table.

Jeremy Nettles